Welcome Guest ( Log In | Register )

Bump Topic Topic Closed RSS Feed
110 Pages « < 45 46 47 48 49 > » Bottom

Outline · [ Standard ] · Linear+

 Is the bubble finally bursting? 2014, V2

views
     
zephyrus9999
post Jan 28 2014, 11:08 PM

On my way
****
Senior Member
649 posts

Joined: Jun 2005
From: Behind U~
Investors are not likely to aligned to UUU nor DDD. If you cant manage ur risk profiles of dumping >100k to invest on something, then go settle down for FDs. In the end of the day shouting here and there up down left right gain nothing. Investors are already pocketing handsome profit years along and gearing up for future, whereas our keyboard warriors here still shouting for bubble and gained NOTHING. Haha, sour grapes are still the same. Probably when 5 years back also shouting the same propaganda on affordability. Now when see their peers cash in and have nice cars, then blame the flippers (which of coz its their fault!). Hell, if I were to pass you free easy moneh 100k in front of your face you would die to grab it right? If you couldnt 'afford' 5 years back, which definitely not now, then it sux to be you bro :-/

Normally these biased kind of ppl, when ask them about property future, they will complain and blabber tons of cons (which I do agree too!). But when ask them how much have you gained from it, they couldnt answer. The same attitude 10 years back and also now. It wont change. What a shame ^.^


KChan
post Jan 28 2014, 11:14 PM

Getting Started
**
Junior Member
119 posts

Joined: Feb 2009


QUOTE(HuiChyr @ Jan 28 2014, 10:43 PM)
I think we should start a thread ... investment strategy for property. Or not?
Later fella make fun of the other fella's strategy.... koyak!  cry.gif  Hahahaha.....
*
Everyone has their own strategy and risk profile and risk appetite. Therefore, I only generalise on the majority based on the EPF report and statistics.

5.3 million active contributors with salary below 5000 to benefits 1% increment for employer portion

Based on the same year 2011 report there is about 6.2 million active EPF contributors

Although based on old report for 2011 which I can only find online right now, there is 6,262,832 active EPF contributor. Based on the news report that there is 5.3 million contributor which will benefits 1% EPF increase in contribution by employer for 5000 and below salary. Therefore I conclude that there is only:-

(6,262,832 - 5,300,000) / 6,262,832 * 100 = 15.37% who is making above 5000 per month

Generally assume that there is increment and adjustment within the last 2 years and therefore there is 20% of active contributor to EPF which is making 5000 and above per month. So based on this figure alone, the affordability for property beyond 500-600k is only within the reach of 20% of salary earner.

I do not have the statistic on how many self-employed, business man and so on. Even there is lets say the figure is 10%. (This part is purely speculation by me)

So in the end, based on that statistic, I truly felt that that property (residential) has now gone beyond the threshold of general public. I also felt that the upside to the trend is limited right now based what I mentioned above.

I have yet to mentioned that those who is rich, super rich or mega rich which usually form 5% of the top tier of the population which has tons of money to buy cash for any luxury property and any property they want which I felt (personal opinion) that they won't even bother with property that we are looking at.

Also there is a lot other factors like external economy, currency performance, FDI, inflation and so on.

Although what I said sounds negative to general UUU investor, but please do acknowledge that this is some facts that we shall look at as well. I will not say there is overall bubble in property investment, there is some indicators that the uptrend might not last long enough especially for those who enter into the market within the last 2 years.

This is based on my own analysis. I welcome feedback by anyone on this as I want to get some insights on what is the factor which they think otherwise.
ManutdGiggs
post Jan 28 2014, 11:14 PM

10k Club
********
All Stars
13,761 posts

Joined: Jun 2011
QUOTE(Rabel @ Jan 28 2014, 10:07 PM)
Look like u oso think property is good investment. Only thing is below 500k property. Which project u refer to ? And Y u think tis project got potential ?
*
Hope the 500k bro bear mentioned is not 400sf which is 1.25kpsf.
kradun
post Jan 28 2014, 11:15 PM

Enthusiast
*****
Senior Member
989 posts

Joined: Feb 2008


QUOTE(zephyrus9999 @ Jan 28 2014, 11:08 PM)
Investors are not likely to aligned to UUU nor DDD. If you cant manage ur risk profiles of dumping >100k to invest on something, then go settle down for FDs. In the end of the day shouting here and there up down left right gain nothing. Investors are already pocketing handsome profit years along and gearing up for future, whereas our keyboard warriors here still shouting for bubble and gained NOTHING. Haha, sour grapes are still the same. Probably when 5 years back also shouting the same propaganda on affordability. Now when see their peers cash in and have nice cars, then blame the flippers (which of coz its their fault!). Hell, if I were to pass you free easy moneh 100k in front of your face you would die to grab it right? If you couldnt 'afford' 5 years back, which definitely not now, then it sux to be you bro :-/

Normally these biased kind of ppl, when ask them about property future, they will complain and blabber tons of cons (which I do agree too!). But when ask them how much have you gained from it, they couldnt answer. The same attitude 10 years back and also now. It wont change. What a shame ^.^
*
bro zephyrus9999,

here is the place to hang out after placing all the bet on the property. when people dont have additional money to spend, the best way is to choose the moneyless entertainment.
Rabel
post Jan 28 2014, 11:24 PM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
2,386 posts

Joined: Jun 2013
QUOTE(value_investor @ Jan 28 2014, 10:51 PM)
Yes, should thank the fools. But they are still fools sorry to say, it is capitalism! They are not Rawang, many in Penang, especially those projects by Goh Chun Lai!
*
Goh chun lai. Hihi, tis guy kena pukul jialat jialat during last election. He really "sheng cai bo si fan" . A lot of penang lang kena tipu by him.
zephyrus9999
post Jan 28 2014, 11:27 PM

On my way
****
Senior Member
649 posts

Joined: Jun 2005
From: Behind U~
QUOTE(kradun @ Jan 28 2014, 11:15 PM)
bro zephyrus9999,

here is the place to hang out after placing all the bet on the property. when people dont have additional money to spend, the best way is to choose the moneyless entertainment.
*
I always remember that successful people always keep their mouth shut, the failures on the other hand will give 100 excuses to blame rclxms.gif

If i were to songlap 100k company money I wont share it with anyone, probably will continue to do so. Whereas the general public will find 1000 ways to spend their lifetime searching for the problem.

Well, lets wait for property market to stabilize first before making any conclusions. 2014-2015 will be a good indicative time. Its just fun to read this thread although most of the discussion are pointless.
sampool
post Jan 28 2014, 11:29 PM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
2,294 posts

Joined: Mar 2009
QUOTE(KChan @ Jan 29 2014, 12:14 AM)
Everyone has their own strategy and risk profile and risk appetite. Therefore, I only generalise on the majority based on the EPF report and statistics.

5.3 million active contributors with salary below 5000 to benefits 1% increment for employer portion

Based on the same year 2011 report there is about 6.2 million active EPF contributors

Although based on old report for 2011 which I can only find online right now, there is 6,262,832 active EPF contributor. Based on the news report that there is 5.3 million contributor which will benefits 1% EPF increase in contribution by employer for 5000 and below salary. Therefore I conclude that there is only:-

(6,262,832 - 5,300,000) / 6,262,832 * 100 = 15.37% who is making above 5000 per month

Generally assume that there is increment and adjustment within the last 2 years and therefore there is 20% of active contributor to EPF which is making 5000 and above per month. So based on this figure alone, the affordability for property beyond 500-600k is only within the reach of 20% of salary earner.

I do not have the statistic on how many self-employed, business man and so on. Even there is lets say the figure is 10%. (This part is purely speculation by me)

So in the end, based on that statistic, I truly felt that that property (residential) has now gone beyond the threshold of general public. I also felt that the upside to the trend is limited right now based what I mentioned above.

I have yet to mentioned that those who is rich, super rich or mega rich which usually form 5% of the top tier of the population which has tons of money to buy cash for any luxury property and any property they want which I felt (personal opinion) that they won't even bother with property that we are looking at.

Also there is a lot other factors like external economy, currency performance, FDI, inflation and so on.

Although what I said sounds negative to general UUU investor, but please do acknowledge that this is some facts that we shall look at as well. I will not say there is overall bubble in property investment, there is some indicators that the uptrend might not last long enough especially for those who enter into the market within the last 2 years.

This is based on my own analysis. I welcome feedback by anyone on this as I want to get some insights on what is the factor which they think otherwise
*
i think u cannot compare like that... some epf contributors although below 5000, but they may bought prop 10 years ago and some got part time business but never declare.... some parent bought prop for them... some combine name to buy... too many scenario.

anyway, now is the rental play times... especially expat not easy to buy 1 million prop now. so dun expect the rental will remind unchange... if rental up, prop price will definitely up too.

prop investor need to scarify their time and money, so they should get pay for every prop they invest... if not now should be future as long as holding power is there. hmm.gif

This post has been edited by sampool: Jan 28 2014, 11:33 PM
SUSAmayaBumibuyer
post Jan 28 2014, 11:46 PM

Regular
******
Senior Member
1,216 posts

Joined: Mar 2013
QUOTE(KChan @ Jan 28 2014, 11:14 PM)
Everyone has their own strategy and risk profile and risk appetite. Therefore, I only generalise on the majority based on the EPF report and statistics.

5.3 million active contributors with salary below 5000 to benefits 1% increment for employer portion

Based on the same year 2011 report there is about 6.2 million active EPF contributors

Although based on old report for 2011 which I can only find online right now, there is 6,262,832 active EPF contributor. Based on the news report that there is 5.3 million contributor which will benefits 1% EPF increase in contribution by employer for 5000 and below salary. Therefore I conclude that there is only:-

(6,262,832 - 5,300,000) / 6,262,832 * 100 = 15.37% who is making above 5000 per month

Generally assume that there is increment and adjustment within the last 2 years and therefore there is 20% of active contributor to EPF which is making 5000 and above per month. So based on this figure alone, the affordability for property beyond 500-600k is only within the reach of 20% of salary earner.

I do not have the statistic on how many self-employed, business man and so on. Even there is lets say the figure is 10%. (This part is purely speculation by me)

So in the end, based on that statistic, I truly felt that that property (residential) has now gone beyond the threshold of general public. I also felt that the upside to the trend is limited right now based what I mentioned above.

I have yet to mentioned that those who is rich, super rich or mega rich which usually form 5% of the top tier of the population which has tons of money to buy cash for any luxury property and any property they want which I felt (personal opinion) that they won't even bother with property that we are looking at.

Also there is a lot other factors like external economy, currency performance, FDI, inflation and so on.

Although what I said sounds negative to general UUU investor, but please do acknowledge that this is some facts that we shall look at as well. I will not say there is overall bubble in property investment, there is some indicators that the uptrend might not last long enough especially for those who enter into the market within the last 2 years.

This is based on my own analysis. I welcome feedback by anyone on this as I want to get some insights on what is the factor which they think otherwise.
*
Yes yes yes u are right about the not many people who has salary higher than 5k but husband wife join loan have u consider? Each couple will want a property and they combine their income to be affordable.

I talk about population increase all the time. My parents have 5 kids. When they bought this house it was 100k. After 30 yrs this 5 kids all hunting for properties in KL too. I mean the demand is increasing 5 times in 30 years for one family. But this is one family, how many families are there in KL itself? Then u have to compete with people from Johor, kelantan, sabah etc etc all over malaysia who wants a part of KL as their own.

Location location location...good location will always have demand. My mind is thinking it is very hard for prime property to ever fall. Just stagnant. If fall maybe 10% but wont be as a big crash.
brother love
post Jan 29 2014, 12:00 AM

Regular
******
Senior Member
1,227 posts

Joined: Jun 2010


No risk no gain, bet big win big, people who tink and overanalyzed often missed opportunities right iin front of them, many year/ down the road they will still lament and complain and justify why they didnt grab the chances...i know many such people...some of them just too risk aversed
bearbearwong
post Jan 29 2014, 12:01 AM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
9,533 posts

Joined: Jun 2013


QUOTE(zephyrus9999 @ Jan 28 2014, 11:08 PM)
Investors are not likely to aligned to UUU nor DDD. If you cant manage ur risk profiles of dumping >100k to invest on something, then go settle down for FDs. In the end of the day shouting here and there up down left right gain nothing. Investors are already pocketing handsome profit years along and gearing up for future, whereas our keyboard warriors here still shouting for bubble and gained NOTHING. Haha, sour grapes are still the same. Probably when 5 years back also shouting the same propaganda on affordability. Now when see their peers cash in and have nice cars, then blame the flippers (which of coz its their fault!). Hell, if I were to pass you free easy moneh 100k in front of your face you would die to grab it right? If you couldnt 'afford' 5 years back, which definitely not now, then it sux to be you bro :-/

Normally these biased kind of ppl, when ask them about property future, they will complain and blabber tons of cons (which I do agree too!). But when ask them how much have you gained from it, they couldnt answer. The same attitude 10 years back and also now. It wont change. What a shame ^.^
*
Brother the same 10 years is really different wave liao.. everytime ppl say tsunami come bo lang chap... the prop price went hair wire just these few 4 years leaving effect of overinflated price and vacant unit but sold.. was this happening in your last 10 years or even 5 years..

bro this time really serious.. in my view.. u can go ahead and grab as much as posdible.. I doubt you still act like last 10 years.. grab when there is launches.. there is a change in the demographic.. u also notice it.. gud luck..

we have nth to lose here.. started poor be poor.. well u guys started middle class .. risk d chance losing..
zonefinder
post Jan 29 2014, 12:11 AM

Casual
***
Junior Member
390 posts

Joined: Oct 2012


Say what you like, I rather hold good properties than to hold cash..
bearbearwong
post Jan 29 2014, 12:19 AM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
9,533 posts

Joined: Jun 2013


QUOTE(zonefinder @ Jan 29 2014, 12:11 AM)
Say what you like, I rather hold good properties than to hold cash..
*
Likr bkt beruntung.. kota warisan.. taman tasik srmenyih.. ttdi groove.. kajang 2.. bangi .. u be bleeding and credit locked.. just vacant is enough liao..


the trend now is south part 2 mega projects sure many youngster trapped.. look at their price... justified bo 400k servicr apartment . Outskirt lehhh... justified the price following flipped market ah...
bearbearwong
post Jan 29 2014, 12:24 AM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
9,533 posts

Joined: Jun 2013


QUOTE(brother love @ Jan 29 2014, 12:00 AM)
No risk no gain, bet big win big, people who tink and overanalyzed often missed opportunities right iin front of them, many year/ down the road they will still lament and complain and justify why they didnt grab the chances...i know many such people...some of them just too risk aversed
*
I m not sitting down waiting holy god to ask me buy.. option are open to affordable housing.. I ting different I aint here investing... the world is so cimpetative.. everyting is calculated till d end... same like flipped prop dat ptice is maximum for at least 8 years ahead..

consult any actuarist.. maybe can share new thoughts
MishimaZ
post Jan 29 2014, 12:29 AM

Getting Started
**
Junior Member
269 posts

Joined: Feb 2011
» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Damn sure many believed you when most in iProp was advertising for rent lesser than RM2k.... many believed in you for sure thumbup.gif !!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

Damn straight!! Many got green in envy, got a beautiful condo of with lush environment with seconds walking distance to LRT, so many antique shophouses so Malacca-like for Cuti-cuti Malaysia, many foreign expats love such places because damn convenient and walking distance to the greatest banking hub in city centre la!! Walaueh!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

No!! Those are really bad buy!! My parent's RM750k Mahkota Cheras shophouse only manage to rent the ground floor at RM3.5k.... Now upper floors vacant and just do charity work, cannot la!! No return at all when people wanna buy at RM1.4m!!! Expats do not want our place because it is a crappy area for banking, economy only depends on banks and bankers lah, other businesses do not generate economy prosperity one!

For own stay, walau.... Already over RM500k for a way bigger and confortable sized landed, but cannot la, must join the crowd ma! Die also must buy Amaya area lah... Now only RM500k for 719 gigantic square feet! Guaranteed expats rental one, RM2.5k monthly rental yo!! After some time, can go up RM3k, then RM4k, walau! So sad that most missed the damn boat cannot be rich like you now, including me... cry.gif


» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Haiya... want regret meh... Don't la!!! Many people believe jor la! Don't pissed off please... Not many Cheras people here what's more knew how the area like, that's why like these people DDD you know!! So sellable that so many advertisements trying to sell of many of their units!! Nobody buy takpe, next year increase 20-30% some more because sure got takers la!! That time economy maybe bolster by folds, maybe 50-60% increase also possible, since KLCC is so damn near!! Hehehehehe.....
bearbearwong
post Jan 29 2014, 12:42 AM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
9,533 posts

Joined: Jun 2013


QUOTE(MishimaZ @ Jan 29 2014, 12:29 AM)
» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Damn sure many believed you when most in iProp was advertising for rent lesser than RM2k.... many believed in you for sure thumbup.gif !!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

Damn straight!! Many got green in envy, got a beautiful condo of with lush environment with seconds walking distance to LRT, so many antique shophouses so Malacca-like for Cuti-cuti Malaysia, many foreign expats love such places because damn convenient and walking distance to the greatest banking hub in city centre la!! Walaueh!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

No!! Those are really bad buy!! My parent's RM750k Mahkota Cheras shophouse only manage to rent the ground floor at RM3.5k.... Now upper floors vacant and just do charity work, cannot la!! No return at all when people wanna buy at RM1.4m!!! Expats do not want our place because it is a crappy area for banking, economy only depends on banks and bankers lah, other businesses do not generate economy prosperity one!

For own stay, walau.... Already over RM500k for a way bigger and confortable sized landed, but cannot la, must join the crowd ma! Die also must buy Amaya area lah... Now only RM500k for 719 gigantic square feet! Guaranteed expats rental one, RM2.5k monthly rental yo!! After some time, can go up RM3k, then RM4k, walau! So sad that most missed the damn boat cannot be rich like you now, including me... cry.gif
» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Haiya... want regret meh... Don't la!!! Many people believe jor la! Don't pissed off please... Not many Cheras people here what's more knew how the area like, that's why like these people DDD you know!! So sellable that so many advertisements trying to sell of many of their units!! Nobody buy takpe, next year increase 20-30% some more because sure got takers la!! That time economy maybe bolster by folds, maybe 50-60% increase also possible, since KLCC is so damn near!!  Hehehehehe.....
*
I m serious lehh dat amanya reli an overkill in price.. studio man 2 rooms.. u know some smart ppl partitioned d space with no fan and taaaaaaa...
3 rooms.. come on... take a drive and see at night... so low d occupancy every flipper want to sell.. previously right amanya got KLCC view ione.. unfortunately.. velocity block di.. now after piling works and now carpark totally block liao..block view

tell you thought developer promise got klcc view.. u cant fight in law go court oso lose lose.. one can have right of eastment right of way.. right of view cannot.. england got case say cannot .. some county council vs canary wharf.. some ting like dat..

amanya tak mau goreng you.. that place got warisan city view condo 420k. miharja condo 400k.. miharja phase 1 180k and phase 2. 150k ..pudu ulu impiana condo 3 rooms 430k.. dat PGRM ting.. and the next building oso service aoartment.. and of course our PPT highly populated one.. amanya 750k.. very difficult...


frederic9
post Jan 29 2014, 12:56 AM

Casual
***
Junior Member
391 posts

Joined: Mar 2005


http://www.businesscircle.com.my/malaysian...onomic-concern/

a good read. a 10k gross household salary means a take home of 7.9k, after debt repayments, roughly 4.4k left for expenses. That's in 2012, it certainly got worst last year.

Either way, best to diversify. Shares/Funds/Business Investments/Property/FD.

Some suggested Genting, to be honest, they do have a point, all my winnings won't be taxed at 26%, no RPGT. smile.gif IF I win that is.

SUStikaram
post Jan 29 2014, 04:22 AM

10k Club
********
All Stars
10,722 posts

Joined: Nov 2011
QUOTE(JC999 @ Jan 29 2014, 01:21 AM)
Boss 10k gross your take home pay is only 7.9K, u still have to pay taxes...
*
Bnm is going to increase blr soon as too many investor ship out cash for the last 5 weeks n inflation at all time high.
Showtime747
post Jan 29 2014, 06:20 AM

Look at all my stars!!
*******
Senior Member
4,258 posts

Joined: Nov 2012
QUOTE(icemanfx @ Jan 29 2014, 01:28 AM)
Repoman has the first hand info where and when to pick cheap and good property. With the right partner, repoman can be very rich from property market crash.
*
Bro, is your dream coming true ? Interest rate increase by 4.25% in 1 decision thumbup.gif

http://www.cnbc.com/id/101359309



FLIPPERS BEWARE !!
SUSAmayaBumibuyer
post Jan 29 2014, 06:58 AM

Regular
******
Senior Member
1,216 posts

Joined: Mar 2013
QUOTE(MishimaZ @ Jan 29 2014, 12:29 AM)
» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Damn sure many believed you when most in iProp was advertising for rent lesser than RM2k.... many believed in you for sure thumbup.gif !!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

Damn straight!! Many got green in envy, got a beautiful condo of with lush environment with seconds walking distance to LRT, so many antique shophouses so Malacca-like for Cuti-cuti Malaysia, many foreign expats love such places because damn convenient and walking distance to the greatest banking hub in city centre la!! Walaueh!

» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «

No!! Those are really bad buy!! My parent's RM750k Mahkota Cheras shophouse only manage to rent the ground floor at RM3.5k.... Now upper floors vacant and just do charity work, cannot la!! No return at all when people wanna buy at RM1.4m!!! Expats do not want our place because it is a crappy area for banking, economy only depends on banks and bankers lah, other businesses do not generate economy prosperity one!

For own stay, walau.... Already over RM500k for a way bigger and confortable sized landed, but cannot la, must join the crowd ma! Die also must buy Amaya area lah... Now only RM500k for 719 gigantic square feet! Guaranteed expats rental one, RM2.5k monthly rental yo!! After some time, can go up RM3k, then RM4k, walau! So sad that most missed the damn boat cannot be rich like you now, including me... cry.gif
» Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... «


Haiya... want regret meh... Don't la!!! Many people believe jor la! Don't pissed off please... Not many Cheras people here what's more knew how the area like, that's why like these people DDD you know!! So sellable that so many advertisements trying to sell of many of their units!! Nobody buy takpe, next year increase 20-30% some more because sure got takers la!! That time economy maybe bolster by folds, maybe 50-60% increase also possible, since KLCC is so damn near!!  Hehehehehe.....
*
Write more write more..funny la. The length people want to do to prove me wrong. U can say anything u like i got my booking deposit of 2k+++ already. Dunt want to say how much exactly d rent, or people know which unit i hold. Anway if dont believe me, who cares. I am basking in the sun. U notice that only u n the bear condemning me on Amaya? Coz some people here knows that Amaya did achieve a rent of 2k. Furnish laa of course.
AVFAN
post Jan 29 2014, 09:19 AM

20k VIP Club
*********
All Stars
24,483 posts

Joined: Nov 2010
QUOTE(Showtime747 @ Jan 29 2014, 06:20 AM)
Bro, is your dream coming true ? Interest rate increase by 4.25% in 1 decision  thumbup.gif

http://www.cnbc.com/id/101359309
FLIPPERS BEWARE !!
*

been going on for more than a yr now. not only turkey. brazil, india, indon too forced to raise. maybe a few rounds. argentine money devalued big time.
a few more incl msia may be next as their currencies get battered.

QUOTE(tikaram @ Jan 29 2014, 04:22 AM)
Bnm is going to increase blr soon as too many investor ship out cash for the last 5 weeks n inflation at all time high.
*
current climate with subsidy cuts+acc inflation+price hikes+bnm unchanged rates+depr curreny+bad politics+firebombs+us taper+++ = more n bigger reasons for the big fish to ship out big money.

but then... there is this evergreen argument: higher inflation+depr curr = cont'd rising prop prices, so keep bbb...

This post has been edited by AVFAN: Jan 29 2014, 09:23 AM

110 Pages « < 45 46 47 48 49 > » Top
Topic ClosedOptions
 

Change to:
| Lo-Fi Version
0.0448sec    1.19    7 queries    GZIP Disabled
Time is now: 24th December 2025 - 12:27 PM