Critical ScientistArchimedes (287–212 b.c.) was the greatest mathematician of the ancient world. He was born in Syracuse, a Greek colony on Sicily, a generation after Euclid. One of his many discoveries is the Law of the Lever. He famously said, “
Give me a place to stand and a fulcrum for my lever, and I can lift the earth.”

Renowned as a mechanical genius for his many engineering inventions, he designed pulleys for lifting heavy ships and the spiral screw for transporting water to higher levels. He is said to have used parabolic mirrors to concentrate the rays of the sun to set fire to Roman ships attacking Syracuse.


King Hieron II of Syracuse once suspected a goldsmith of keeping part of the gold intended for the king’s crown and replacing it with an equal amount of silver. The king asked Archimedes for advice. While in deep thought at a public bath, Archimedes discovered the solution to the king’s problem when he noticed that his body’s volume was the same as the volume of water it displaced from the tub. Using this insight he was able to measure the volume of each crown, and so determine which was the denser, all-gold crown. As the story is told, he ran home naked, shouting “
Eureka, eureka!” (“I have found it, I have found it!”) This incident attests to his enormous powers of concentration.

In spite of his engineering prowess, Archimedes was most proud of his mathematical discoveries. These include the formulas for the volume of a sphere,

and the surface area of a sphere,

and a careful analysis of the properties of parabolas and other conics.