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Life Sciences The PHARMACY Thread, everything you need to know/ask

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TSbaoz	May 30 2011, 01:34 AM Return to original view \| Post #121
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(polaris91 @ May 29 2011, 04:28 PM) hey folks i need some help from you guys regarding questions on pharmacokinetics... -For rapidly dissolving oral dose forms of a drug, differences in rates of dissolution markedly affect the plasma concentration-time profile, when intestinal permeability is the rate-limiting step is this statement correct ? Assuming we're talking about passive diffusion across intestinal membranes.. Do you mean that the concentration gradient(across the membrane) is the rate-limiting step? ie: saturated vs. sink condition. From what I understand, you can't alter intestinal permeability because it's natural/biological. What you can do however is alter the drug (Lipinski's rule of 5) such that it can permeate across the membranes better. If we're talking about active transport, then substrate saturation becomes the rate-limiting factor..
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TSbaoz	May 30 2011, 09:51 PM Return to original view \| Post #122
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(polaris91 @ May 30 2011, 03:23 PM) i have no idea tho ...and theres a quiz coming up on thurs im so not prepared btw what year are you in, baoz ? I'm in Year 3, but this pharmacokinetics stuff I learnt back in Year 1. EDIT: Ok, I just re-read your question The answer is incorrect. For rapidly dissolving oral dose forms of a drug - here the situation says we have a drug that is rapidly dissolving. so drug dissolution is not a rate-limiting factor. differences in rates of dissolution markedly affect the plasma concentration-time profile, - this is true. if a drug dissolves quickly, it goes into the plasma quickly and vice versa. when intestinal permeability is the rate-limiting step - this is where it gets wrong. once intestinal permeability limits the rate of your drug getting into plasma, it doesn't matter if your drug dissolves quickly or slowly because it is being held up by the intestinal wall. this sentence makes the second sentence wrong. only when intestinal permeability is NOT the rate-limiting step then differences in rates of dissolution will markedly affect the plasma concentration-time profile. Just imagine a highway toll where there's no Touch&Go or Smart Tag. You have lots of cars jammed up (highly dissolving drug) behind the toll gate(intestinal permeability). The amount of cars getting through (into plasma) will not change unless you alter the toll gate to work quicker. Once you get hold of this concept, you can refer back to my previous post on sink condition to know what happens once the cars move past the toll gate. I'm guessing you'll learn about this at a later chapter. This post has been edited by baoz: May 30 2011, 10:05 PM
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TSbaoz	May 31 2011, 08:57 AM Return to original view \| Post #123
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	@polaris : aha no lar not average HD.. just that this is my favourite topic in pharmacy so I know it pretty well. You can shoot some questions but I can't guarantee I can answer them all. Our curriculum is quite different from yours.. we learn in streams.. We have four streams where we learn over our 4-year course. This PK and PD stuff fall under the Drug Delivery stream. So we start with the basics in Year 1 and Year 2 and we use that knowledge to apply to stuff we learn in Year 3 and so on. And in Year 3 onwards we start to see them all come together in different units. Sort of getting "integrated". You can check out our course outline HERE. @zstan : yeah. year 1 sem 2 under the unit Drug Delivery I. This post has been edited by baoz: May 31 2011, 09:01 AM
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TSbaoz	Jun 2 2011, 08:19 PM Return to original view \| Post #124
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(zstan @ Jun 2 2011, 06:58 PM) Thank goodness there are so many smart people in my course whom I can consult.... That comment is a little uncalled for.. We're here to share and not to boast or thumb others down.. @polaris: usually if more than one person doesn't understand a concept, it'll be good to participate on your blackboard discussion/forum or email your lecturer about it (or make an appointment to consult directly) because then the lecturer will clarify the concept again during the next lecture. Active learning! @Cheryl: communicating with patients and colleauges plays a big part in pharmacy. We are actually trained in university on how to talk to patients. The right body language, the right words, the right tone, the way you greet your patients. In hospital and community, talking to patients actually makes up the core of your job. No communication, no serving patients.
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TSbaoz	Jun 3 2011, 10:35 AM Return to original view \| Post #125
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(polaris91 @ Jun 2 2011, 08:48 PM) alright i just got another question here: » Click to show Spoiler - click again to hide... « 10. As team leader of the preclinical development division of a complementary medicines company, you have been asked to identify and characterize the potential for transporter mediated drug- drug interactions which could limit the successful use of a novel lead compound formulated for oral administration. You approach this by (A) requesting your research staff to investigate this by employing the use of the human intestinal cell model to characterize drug flux in vitro (B) requesting your research staff to investigate this by using a microvascular brain endothelial model to simulate drug flux across the blood brain barrier © requesting your staff to recruit healthy volunteers and assess the area under the plasma time curve after oral administration of hypericin (D)Examine the potential for drug-drug interactions using a cell line over expressing the C3435T MDR1 polymorphism (E) C and d are both correct since the drug is formulated for oral admin...there`s no point of testing it using a brain endothelial cell model so i reckon B is wrong.. and I dont think C is correct too because St johns wort induces the expression of p-gp and cyp3A4 which limits bioavailability.. so now im not sure whether D is correct but i rckn A sounds right since it is using the intestinal cell I'm gonna have to guess this for now. I'm doing transporters too. Both A and B (recall that L-dopa is taken orally and goes through the BBB via the LAT-1 transporter by mimicking the structure of amino acids) seem applicable, but incomplete. p-gp are expressed on both intestinal cells and BBB but the answers don't quite describe how they are going to use those methods to identify potential DDI. Assuming the drug can also go by passive diffusion or other forms of transport (eg: solute-linked carriers).. Just putting the drug and cell on a petri dish won't measure much. C - don't know what hypericin is but if it's a pg-p inhibitor/inducer, would actually be a good measure to see a direct correlation. My lecture notes usually entail graphs of eg: digoxin alone vs. Digoxin & verapamil .. If you know what i mean D - seems correct too if I can recall, using a cell line which over-expresses a gene is a method to identify interactions in vitro. This post has been edited by baoz*: Jun 3 2011, 10:38 AM
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TSbaoz	Jun 19 2011, 10:04 PM Return to original view \| Post #126
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	RMIT in Melbourne just started their BPharm course this year.
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TSbaoz	Jun 24 2011, 12:33 AM Return to original view \| Post #127
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(vivacioushun @ Jun 21 2011, 06:01 PM) can anyone kindly please recommend books for the following subjects DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM II PHARMACOGNOSY RESPIRATORY AND RENAL SYSTEMS AND PHARMACOTHERAPEU CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS HARMACEUTICAL BIOENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY thank you in adv (: I'm using the following and I find them useful: Shargel and Yu - Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Aulton's - Pharmaceutics Ansel's Pharmaceutics Pharmacotherapy Handbook Therapeutic Guidelines - Cardiovascular
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TSbaoz	Jun 24 2011, 10:35 PM Return to original view \| Post #128
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	Don't worry too much about your pre-u subjects, really. If you're unsure, deciding between courses like Engineering versus Pharmacy, etc. Just go for either Bio or Physics. Choosing one over the other won't kill you. The kind of physics you learn in Pharmacy is more on Physical Chemistry. What I've learnt in physics at pre-u were stuff like Newton's Laws, Einstein's, light, motion, energy, neutrons, electrons. You won't need these in Pharmacy (except theories on free energy but just read that up on your own). Biology is still more related to pharmacy. But you may choose physics to keep your options open. I did physics because I was considering engineering. Only Bio background was at SPM and I still survive pharmacy today. Learning Biology is only a hurdle. If you can't handle a challenge like this, chances are you can't handle the challenges of picking up new subjects at undergraduate uni level. This is because you will always have to learn new things.
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TSbaoz	Jul 4 2011, 11:33 AM Return to original view \| Post #129
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(MelissaH @ Jul 1 2011, 06:53 PM) I'm wondering what's the difference between pharmacy and pharmaceutical chemistry ? did both equally the same syllabus but pharmacy need to have an additional study on clinical pharmacy ? or pharmaceutical chemistry syllabus won't be as range as pharmacy degree ? (chemistry part) ? The syllabus are similar with some overlapping in topics especially in first year. But Pharm Chem tend to specialise more towards the manufacturing of drugs and medicines while pharmacy focuses more on the clinical aspects. For example, pharm chemistry will learn in depth the ways to make a drug, ingredients, steps, requirements.. etc. Pharmacy will learn some of that (the basics) and then more into clinical and pharmacy practice. Pharm Chem definitely has a wider range in terms of the chemistry part. Basically, more lab and industry based. Added on July 4, 2011, 11:36 am QUOTE(Feliciawong111 @ Jul 3 2011, 10:18 PM) my sister gonna take bsc. pharmacy, then the counselor told her you won't get a license from Malaysia government because she get C for physic, in order to get a license she must get at least all B in science subjects ( biology , physic and chemistry) is that true? any help is appreciated.. find this on somewhere else and hope someone could clarify This is the first time I've heard of such thing... especially when it involves Physics. Is the counselor a Pharmacist or just a marketing staff? Clarify with the government. Or you may forward your queries to the Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society. This post has been edited by baoz: Jul 4 2011, 11:36 AM
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TSbaoz	Jul 12 2011, 03:28 PM Return to original view \| Post #130
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	cmyzhu, what do you see yourself as? These are 3 challenging, long and expensive courses. And each are very different in terms of job scope. As for demand, it always changes. I started my pharmacy course in 2009, and the market demand for pharmacists were poor at that time. But come 2012 when I graduate, it may improve/get worse (although I think it's improving for the better). No doubt that there are lots of doctors around these days. Just do a bit of background reading on our local and international newspapers and you can see that there are issues of "sub-par quality medical graduates" or having too many medical schools. I don't know much about dentists, but I have a gist that they are still in demand and earning loads. In terms of salary, I should think that doctors and dentists will be the ones who easily get within the 5-figure range first compared to pharmacists. For a pharmacist to be on the same salary scale, you might take a while longer, or more effort in your business or climbing up the corporate ladder. For overseas demand, local pharmacy grads should try to stay away from Australia for the moment as they have loads of pharm graduates. Look elsewhere like other Asian countries, UK or USA.
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TSbaoz	Jul 12 2011, 04:16 PM Return to original view \| Post #131
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(cmyzhu @ Jul 12 2011, 04:07 PM) I don't know what should i see myself as, actually. You see, i don't come from a rich family. My parents are spending their fortune on me just to let me further my studies. I guess maybe dentistry can almost be out of the question already as the fees are way too expensive. I have many other things that i want to carry out in life and i know being a doctor don't offer the time for it, isnt it? From your reply, I have a feeling you're not really confident with dentistry and medicine due to the cost and working conditions. You can always be rich and successful wherever you go, as long as you're focused on what you want to do. Studying medicine, dentistry and pharmacy can be mentally and emotionally challenging. Considering your family will spend a fortune on your studies, what if you find that you no longer have the interest in becoming a doctor or dentist halfway through your course? You can't afford to back out. Becoming a doctor is not about you having a GPA of 4.0 or your ability to memorise loads of things. It's about passion. It is a demanding job. Weigh out the differences between what you can afford, and what you want to do.
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TSbaoz	Jul 15 2011, 06:53 PM Return to original view \| Post #132
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	If you're in town, make a trip down to the campus (have a tour of your own and look at the facilities if you will) and speak to the course manager yourself. Sometimes on the phone you get directed to the marketing dept who tend to give the wrong info because they're handling every other faculty out there too.
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TSbaoz	Aug 23 2011, 10:52 PM Return to original view \| Post #133
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	Anyone went for the Monash entry interview today?
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TSbaoz	Aug 25 2011, 09:44 PM Return to original view \| Post #134
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(jerk @ Aug 25 2011, 03:36 PM) i strongly disagree with the opinion being expressed here that one must possess strong foundation in chemistry to get through a pharmacy degree. chemistry is part of the degree and not a MAJOR part of the degree. Even some of the chemistry topics covered during pre-u are not utilized as much during the degree. chemistry foundation is useful as you progress down the track with units such as medicinal chemistry, pharmaceutical analysis and toxicology. I believe pharmacy degrees dont tend to dwell too much with chemistry. A pharmacy degree should cover many other areas such as biological sciences, pharmaceutics, pharmacy practice and pharmacotherapy. human biology and physiology will lead you down to microbiology and biochemistry. Those will form a basis for the understanding of pharmacology, antimicrobial and pharmacokinetics. Pharmaceutics is the science of dosage form design, from industrial down to individual patient level. pharmacotherapy is looking at the appropriate choice of drug treatments of each patient taking into account few other factors. pharmacy practice looks at issues related to the day to day practice of being a pharmacist. Wholeheartedly agree. Foundation is just "foundation" per se. Apart from screening you for entry requirements, it gives you the basic tools necessary to further your studies. University and work are whole new levels on the learning curve. You are expected to know how to study and seek for information and knowledge, not be a walking encyclopedia with no critical thinking skills.
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TSbaoz	Sep 1 2011, 09:43 PM Return to original view \| Post #135
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(zstan @ Sep 1 2011, 09:24 PM) Yes, but you still can catch up. Or ask your lecturers and friends for advice etc. But there's no way you can get a practical replacement class if you miss it. This actually depends on the uni. Large batches of students attend practicals and tutes at different session times. So if you miss one (with proper reasons of course) you may attend the next one. Monash Sunway only have 40 students at any one batch atm so there's only one prac and one tute. Over in Monash Parkville they have 200 students spread out. To each his own, medical students and pharmacy students may have some lecture material and topics overlap but at the end of the day we are all specialists in our own fields.
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TSbaoz	Oct 9 2011, 02:40 PM Return to original view \| Post #136
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(harriet112 @ Oct 9 2011, 01:59 PM) hi~ may i know monash only have 1 intake which is febuary? other intake date ? Just the february intake only. No other intakes for now.
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TSbaoz	Dec 17 2011, 05:23 PM Return to original view \| Post #137
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(zstan @ Dec 14 2011, 10:40 PM) rm440 and the laws that they teach us are also of australian context. Have to relearn everything again once i graduate Don't worry, I think our Sunway campus will be changing to Malaysian law by time you reach Year 3. First batch have to re-learn everything before we go out on placements... heard there'll be a one-day intensive course.
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TSbaoz	Jan 21 2012, 05:29 AM Return to original view \| Post #138
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(erwinlee @ Jan 21 2012, 12:28 AM) I just finished my pharmacy degree in Australia. Curtin University, Western Australia. One word: Awesome Congrats! So what do you plan to do now.... Remain in Aus or return to Msia?
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TSbaoz	Mar 17 2012, 12:39 PM Return to original view \| Post #139
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(erwinlee @ Mar 17 2012, 12:30 PM) Im a pharmacist intern in Australia atm, the AMH>APF anytime. Can you all get AMH is Malaysia ? and the cost ? Can barely get AMH in Malaysia due to the lack of private universities using the Aus syllabus. Kamal Medical bookstore sells for RM 700-1000 while ordering from our uni's in-house bookstore costs approx RM 600 (depends on the bulk etc). Ordering online via the PSA website costs less, around AUD 130.
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TSbaoz	Jun 11 2012, 01:32 PM Return to original view \| Post #140
Enthusiast Senior Member 963 posts Joined: Dec 2007	QUOTE(iOrange @ Jun 11 2012, 12:43 PM) what do u guys think on pharmacy course offered by aimst mahsa and masterskill? AIMST has a better reputation than mahsa and masterskill.
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