some situation darker shot is unavoidable. so

for example:

1. i need to freeze the motion of moving people (in my case i need at least 1/400s, but i ended with 1 stop faster 1/800s)
2. already max out the aperture (f1.8)
3. already max out the native iso (ISO 5000)

this was the sooc jpeg with 2.5-stop under exposure:


it's important to shoot raw so that can post-process later to make unusable photo to usable:

bare in mind that this photo was taken with small sensor camera Olympus E-PL5 that was introduced in 2012, so most camera that is newer than this and bigger sensor than this can produce better post-processed result.

it's just a random shot of street photograph.

what i want to point out are:
1. don't be afraid of shooting in high iso
2. don't be afraid of shooting your photo under-expose if you need to freeze the motion
3. don't shoot in jpeg only, shoot in raw+jpeg. you might able to save many great photos by post-processing