i think you have misunderstood some philosophical terms and quotes......
i think, therefore i exist or i think therefore i am or Cogito, ergo sum is a statement by Rene Descartes towards the study of existence or the study of being.

i think you should read more about Sigmond Freud's psyche theory about the consciousness and unconsciousness mainly about the id, ego, superego, the iceberg model of the mind.

from psychology point of view:
1 theory about why people don't learn from mistake is due to the absence or lack of punishment (reward punishment theory on behavior conditioning).

from sociology point of view:
the people that don't learn from mistake practice anticulture. they don't follow the norms of society, hence, they don't see the mistake as a mistake.

from physiology point of view:
the reward punishment center at the mid-brain might have pathology or is inhibited. there might also be pathology at the amygdala which is a very important structure in process of learning.