From my research and readings, India is indeed the pioneer of scam call center and causing billion of dollars lost annually. The Chinese triads saw an opportunity after seeing how much Indian criminals are making from scamming alone and they took it to a whole new level by trafficking and abducting an unwilling participants under fake job offers all over the world.

One major difference between Indian scam call centers and Chinese scam call centers;

Indian scam call center workers are willing employees, being paid normal wage and they are not abducted.

On the other hand the Chinese scam call center most scammers are abducted, trafficked and forced to work against their will. This is why they are targeted heavily by major law enforcement.