Not a lot. A lot of them are C++/Java-ism to deal with their shortcomings during GoF's era. PEAA (https://martinfowler.com/books/eaa.html) is used more, when appropriate, higher level integration with systems.

Mostly used as a short, common terms for communicating and documenting ideas.

Just cargo culting using the terms without understanding *why* we're using them. Might have legitimate reasons to ask for it, but sounds like just fishing for people who know how to answer retro trivia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult

I've seen a few codebases that may have independently arrived at the Singleton Pattern

Even if you don't go out of the way to use the patterns yourself, you can find them being used in the frameworks or libraries that you might use daily.

Java developers use Abstract Factory every time they have to get a JDBC connection to a database or JMS connection to a message queue.

In all editions the book "Effective Java" (up to 3rd now) the Factory Method, or rather Static Factory Method, is recommended over plain constructors because:
1. the factory method names can be more descriptive than just the class name.
2. being able to have different factory names means that you're no longer restricted by the constructor's method signature when defining your parameters.

If you've used any of the ReactiveX implementations, like RxJS, Observables are an implementation of the Observer Pattern

Java's Servlet Filters implement a form of Chain-of-Responsibility, passing the entire HTTP request down the chain to any code that may want to manipulate it.

Java Persistence with lazy loading makes use of Proxy objects around your Entity classes, only making calls to the DB when you actually want to read the data.

From my experience, you'll bump into some versions of the GoF patterns in almost any project.

However, in my opinion, these patterns are most applicable to OOP languages such as Java and C#.

This is not to say that you won't be using them in other languages.

For example, Go isn't an OOP language, but I've used/seen patterns such as singleton and factory.