Not a lot. A lot of them are C++/Java-ism to deal with their shortcomings during GoF's era. PEAA (https://martinfowler.com/books/eaa.html) is used more, when appropriate, higher level integration with systems.

Mostly used as a short, common terms for communicating and documenting ideas.

Just cargo culting using the terms without understanding *why* we're using them. Might have legitimate reasons to ask for it, but sounds like just fishing for people who know how to answer retro trivia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult

No. I've not been an interviewee. Only interviewer.