I don't think you can ask compensation from Company B because once they announced bankrupt, they're not liable for any obligations as mentioned by Jinyee. I guess their current staffs will be affected as well and not only you.

Why don't you pull back your resignation letter from Company A and stay in that company for another few years before hunting for a new job ? I'm not sure you work in which company and under what environment but i personally think that it is not a good idea to resign at the end of the year as it is close to anual bonus payout and yearly increment. If you want to do so, you should ask for better offer.