QUOTE
Asian tigers sharpen their teeth
Hamish McDonald -Feb 11, 2015
Twice in recent months, a pair of Sukhoi-30 fighters has soared from their base near the old trading port of Makassar and flown far across the Indonesian archipelago to intercept unidentified aircraft.
One, a light aircraft being ferried up from Darwin in northern Australia to its new owners in the Philippines, was chased for a long distance and eventually forced to land at Manado in the north of Sulawesi island. The other, an executive jet flying Saudi officials to Brisbane before the G20 meeting, was ordered to land at Kupang, in the Indonesia half of Timor.
Both cases were sorted out with fines and the planes were allowed to take off again. But beyond the reprimands, the incidents underline a shift in military capability among the nations of south-east Asia.
A decade ago, the Indonesian air force had little advanced combat capability, with its fighters grounded by lack of spare parts because of economic stringency and embargoes over human rights abuses.
Now it is showing its stuff. Indonesia's official defence budget has multiplied four times over that decade to $US8 billion. Spares have been found for the grounded F-16s, some newer versions ordered, eight Apache attack-helicopters bought, and a big naval expansion included in a $US13.2 billion five-year equipment modernisation program announced in August 2013. The Sukhoi-30s were bought with a $US1 billion credit line opened by Moscow in 2007.
New President Joko Widodo, who is making control over the archipelago and exploitation of marine resources a theme of his government, is already talking of a further doubling of defence spending.
For decades the region's militaries focused on domestic insurgencies, localised border security, and, in some cases, maintaining political control. The requirement was for large land armies.
These days, governments are concerned about securing air and sea space - to exercise sovereignty over marine and seabed resources and contest overlapping claims, prevent plunder of forests and minerals, and monitor people movement. This requires more investment in naval and air forces.
With their economies moving their people up to middle-income brackets or in some cases higher, governments have more to spend on advanced military platforms and weapons. South-east Asia's defence spending grew 5 per cent to nearly $US36 billion in 2013, just ahead of the 4.7 per cent rate of increase in east Asia (to a total $US282 billion), the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute said.
Meanwhile, established defence manufacturers in recession-hit Europe, Russia, and North America are eager to sell, with lavish export credits to sweeten the deals. The east Asian industrial nations are also entering the regional arms bazaar.
The new assertiveness of China in claiming the South China Sea as sovereign territory, over counter-claims by six south-east Asian countries, has brought encouragement and help from the United States, Japan, India and Australia in hardening up regional armed forces and coast guards.
Consequently, the region is marked by large-scale acquisitions of equipment aimed at new capabilities in sea and air control, or at least the ability to contest control and make potential rivals think twice about intruding.
Navies are acquiring or expanding their fleets of quiet, conventional submarines to lurk in sea approaches. Australia, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam are buying new-generation submarines, with Malaysia and Thailand possibly following suit.
With the Shinzo Abe government lifting Japan's self-imposed restriction on military exports, Japan is discussing sale of its advanced Soryu-class submarine to Australia. South Korea is building the first of 12 German-designed Type-214 submarines for Indonesia, with follow-on boats to be built in Surabaya. Vietnam has acquired the first of six Kilo-class submarines from Russia to help its sea-denial capability against China in contested waters, with quiet financing from Japan and training from India.
Some navies are building large new "flat-top" ships that can carry swarms of anti-submarine helicopters or quickly land troops on outlying islands or oil platforms. Japan set the trend with its two Hyuga-class helicopter carriers of 18,000 tonnes, and is adding two even bigger carriers of the 27,000-tonne Izumo class, while South Korea is building the second of its 18,000-tonne Dokdo-class helicopter carriers.
In south-east Asia and Oceania, Australia has commissioned HMAS Canberra, the first of two 27,000-tonne helicopter-carrier/landing ships, while Singapore has shown off a redesign of its existing half-deck Endurance-class landing ship as a more capable marine aviation platform.
All four of these countries are development partners and/or buyers of the F-35 Lightning strike fighter in the United States. While so far they look at its fifth-generation capabilities for their air forces, the short/vertical take-off F-35B version would give the option of converting their naval helicopter platforms into carriers for a potent fixed-wing aircraft.
While they wait for the F-35, the Australian and Singaporean forces are acquiring upgraded versions of their existing aircraft, respectively the F-18 Super Hornet and the F-15SG Eagle. The power of these latest fourth-generation fighters and strike aircraft is enhanced by "force-multipliers" like airborne surveillance and control aircraft and in-flight refuelling tankers.
Full ArticleThis post has been edited by azriel: Feb 11 2015, 10:45 PM